Intsimbi engagqwaliyo inika iingenelo ezininzi zezinto ezibonakalayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino, kodwa indlela yokulungisa ekhethiweyo inokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo ezenziwe ngale ntsimbi isebenzisekayo.
Eli nqaku livavanya isizathu sokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendibano, kwaye lijonga indima yokugcaba nge-photochemical njengetekhnoloji yokucubungula enokwenza kube lula ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezintsha nezichanekileyo zokusetyenziswa ekupheleni.
Kutheni ukhetha intsimbi engagqwaliyo? Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngokuyintloko yintsimbi ethambileyo enomxholo we-chromium oyi-10% nangaphezulu (ngokobunzima). Ukongezwa kwe-chromium kunika intsimbi iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ezingamelani nokugqwala. Umxholo we-chromium wentsimbi uvumela ukwakheka kwefilimu eqinileyo, enamathelayo, engabonakaliyo, engamelani nokugqwala kumphezulu wentsimbi. Ukuba yonakele ngoomatshini okanye ngamakhemikhali, ifilimu inokuzilungisa, ukuba kukho ioksijini (nokuba incinci kakhulu).
Ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nezinye iipropati eziluncedo zentsimbi ziyaphuculwa ngokwandisa umxholo we-chromium kunye nokongeza ezinye izinto ezifana ne-molybdenum, i-nickel kunye ne-nitrogen.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ineengenelo ezininzi. Okokuqala, le nto ayimelani nokugqwala, kwaye i-chromium yinto edibanisa intsimbi engagqwali enika intsimbi engagqwali lo mgangatho. Amanqanaba aphantsi e-alloy ayamelana nokugqwala kwiindawo ezimanzi ezinomoya opholileyo nezicocekileyo; amanqanaba aphezulu e-alloy ayamelana nokugqwala kwiindawo ezininzi ze-asidi, izisombululo ze-alkaline, kunye neendawo ezine-chlorine, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iipropati zazo zibe luncedo kwizityalo ezicutshungulwayo.
Iiklasi ezikhethekileyo ze-chromium kunye ne-nickel alloy ziyamelana nokukhula kwaye zigcina amandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Intsimbi engatyiwayo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-heat exchangers, ii-superheaters, ii-boilers, ii-feedwater heaters, ii-valve kunye neepayipi eziqhelekileyo, kunye nakwiinkqubo zeenqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya.
Ukucoca nako kuyingxaki ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukukwazi kwentsimbi engatyiwayo ukucocwa lula kwenze ukuba ibe lolona khetho luphambili kwiimeko ezingqongqo zococeko ezifana nezibhedlele, iikhitshi kunye nezakhiwo zokutya, kwaye ukugqitywa kwayo okukhanyayo okulula ukuyigcina inika inkangeleko yanamhlanje nenomtsalane.
Okokugqibela, xa kujongwa iindleko, kujongwa iindleko zezinto kunye nemveliso kunye neendleko zomjikelo wobomi, intsimbi engagqwaliyo idla ngokuba lolona khetho lwezixhobo olungabizi kakhulu kwaye inokuphinde isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo, igqibezele umjikelo wobomi bonke.
“Amaqela e-etch” e-micro-metal aqoshwe nge-photochemically (kuquka i-HP Etch kunye ne-Etchform) aqoshwa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsimbi ngokuchanekileyo okungenakuthelekiswa nanto naphi na emhlabeni. Amaphepha kunye neefoyile ezicutshungulwayo zinobukhulu obuqala kwi-0.003 ukuya kwi-2000 µm. Nangona kunjalo, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ihlala ilukhetho lokuqala kubathengi abaninzi benkampani ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, uninzi lweendidi ezikhoyo, inani elikhulu lee-alloys ezinxulumene nazo, iimpawu zezinto ezifanelekileyo (njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla), kunye nenani elikhulu lee-finishes. Yintsimbi ekhethiweyo kwizicelo ezininzi kumacandelo amaninzi, igxile kwi-machining 1.4310: (AISI 301), 1.4404: (AISI 316L), 1.4301: (AISI 304) kunye nee-micro-metals ze-austenitic metals ezaziwayo, i-ferritic eyahlukeneyo, i-Tensitic (1.4028 Mo/7C27Mo2) okanye ii-duplex steels, i-Invar kunye ne-Alloy 42.
Ukugrumba nge-photochemical (ukususwa kwesinyithi ngokukhetha nge-photoresist mask ukuvelisa iindawo ezichanekileyo) kuneenzuzo ezininzi ezingaphakathi kuneendlela zemveli zokwenza isinyithi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukugrumba nge-photochemical kuvelisa iindawo ngelixa kususa ukuwohloka kwezinto kuba akukho bushushu okanye amandla asetyenziswayo ngexesha lokucubungula. Ukongeza, le nkqubo inokuvelisa iindawo ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu ngenxa yokususwa ngaxeshanye kweempawu zecandelo kusetyenziswa i-etchant chemistry.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukukrola zedijithali okanye zeglasi, ngoko ke akukho mfuneko yokuqala ukusika iimold zentsimbi ezibizayo nezinzima ukuzilingana. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani elikhulu leemveliso linokuphinda lisetyenziswe ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokuqala nezesigidi eziveliswayo ziyafana.
Izixhobo zedijithali nezeglasi nazo zinokulungiswa kwaye zitshintshwe ngokukhawuleza nangokungabizi kakhulu (ngesiqhelo kwiyure enye), nto leyo ezenza zibe zilungele ukwenziwa kweeprototyping kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso eninzi. Oku kuvumela ukwenziwa ngcono koyilo "okungenamngcipheko" ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimali. Ixesha lokutshintsha liqikelelwa ukuba likhawuleza nge-90% kuneendawo ezifakwe isitampu, ezikwafuna utyalo-mali olukhulu ekuqaleni kwizixhobo.
Izikrini, Izihluzi, Izikrini kunye neeGophe Le nkampani inokusika uluhlu lwezinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziquka izikrini, izihluzi, izikrini, izipringi ezisicaba kunye nezipringi ezigobileyo.
Iifilitha kunye neesifti ziyafuneka kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso, kwaye abathengi badla ngokufuna iiparameter zobunzima kunye nokuchaneka okugqithisileyo. Inkqubo yokusika i-photochemical ye-micrometal isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa uluhlu lweefilitha kunye nezikrini zeshishini le-petrochemical, ishishini lokutya, ishishini lezonyango kunye neshishini leemoto (iifilitha ezisiftiweyo zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokujova ipetroli kunye nee-hydraulics ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu okutsalwa). I-micrometal iphuhlise itekhnoloji yayo yokusika i-photochemical ukuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo yokusika kwiimilinganiselo ezi-3. Oku kwenza kube lula ukudalwa kwejometri ezintsonkothileyo kwaye, xa kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni kweegridi kunye neesifti, kunokunciphisa kakhulu amaxesha okukhokela. Ukongeza, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kunye neemilo ezahlukeneyo zokuvuleka zinokufakwa kwigridi enye ngaphandle kokunyusa iindleko.
Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zemveli zoomatshini, ukukrola nge-photochemical kunomgangatho ophezulu wobuchule ekuveliseni iistencil ezibhityileyo nezichanekileyo, izihluzi kunye neesif.
Ukususwa kwesinyithi ngaxeshanye ngelixa kugrunjwa kuvumela ukufakwa kwejometri ezininzi zemingxuma ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindleko ezibizayo zezixhobo okanye zomatshini, kwaye i-meshes ezigrunjwe ngefoto azinazo ii-burr kwaye azinaxinzelelo kunye nokuwohloka kwezinto apho iipleyiti ezigrunjiweyo zinokuguquguquka kungekho.
Ukugrumba nge-photochemical akutshintshi umphezulu wezinto ezicutshungulwayo kwaye akusebenzisi unxibelelwano lwentsimbi nesinyithi okanye imithombo yobushushu ukutshintsha iimpawu zomphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo inokubonelela ngomphezulu okhethekileyo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke ukusetyenziswa ekuhombiseni.
Izixhobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eqoshwe ngefotokhemikhali zikwasetyenziswa rhoqo kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo okanye ezinobungozi kakhulu zokhuseleko - njengeenkqubo zokuqhobosha ze-ABS kunye neenkqubo zokujova ipetroli - kwaye ukugoba okuqoshweyo kunokugotywa ngokugqibeleleyo izihlandlo ezizigidi kuba le nkqubo ayitshintshi amandla okudinwa kwentsimbi. Iindlela ezizezinye zoomatshini ezifana noomatshini kunye nokuhambisa izinto zihlala zishiya ii-burrs ezincinci kunye neengqimba ezihlengahlengisiweyo ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwentwasahlobo.
Ukugrumba nge-photochemical kususa iindawo ezinokuqhekeka kwi-grain yezinto ezibonakalayo, kuvelisa ukugoba kwe-layer okungena-burr kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona, kuqinisekisa ubomi bemveliso obude kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu.
Isishwankathelo Intsimbi kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ezenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso emininzi. Nangona zibonwa njengezinto ezilula ukuzisebenzisa ngeendlela zemveli zokwenza isinyithi, ukugrumba nge-photochemical kunika abavelisi iingenelo ezibalulekileyo xa bevelisa iindawo ezinzima nezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko.
Ukugrumba akudingi zixhobo ziqinileyo, kuvumela imveliso ekhawulezayo ukusuka kwiprototype ukuya kwimveliso yomthamo ophezulu, kubonelela ngobunzima obungenamda benxalenye, kuvelisa iindawo ezingenazingxobo kunye noxinzelelo, akuchaphazeli ubushushu bentsimbi kunye neempawu, kusebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zentsimbi, kwaye kufikelela kwi-Character ye-±0.025 mm, onke amaxesha okukhokela akwiintsuku, hayi iinyanga.
Ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo yokugrumba nge-photochemical kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olunomtsalane lokwenza iindawo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwiindlela ezininzi ezingqongqo, kwaye ivuselela ubuchule njengoko isusa imiqobo ekhoyo kwiindlela zemveli zokwenza isinyithi sephepha kwiinjineli zoyilo.
Into eneempawu zesinyithi kwaye equlathe izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zeekhemikhali, ubuncinane enye yazo yisinyithi.
Inxalenye yento enomsonto eyakheka emphethweni wento yokusebenza ngexesha lokwenziwa. Ihlala ibukhali. Ingasuswa ngeefayile zesandla, amavili okusila okanye iibhanti, amavili eentambo, iibhrashi zefayibha ezirhabaxa, izixhobo zejethi yamanzi, okanye ezinye iindlela.
Amandla e-alloy okanye izinto zokumelana nokugqwala nokubola. Ezi ziimpawu ze-nickel kunye ne-chromium ezenziwe kwii-alloys ezifana nentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Isiganeko esibangela ukwaphuka phantsi koxinzelelo oluphindaphindwayo okanye olutshintshatshintshayo olunexabiso eliphezulu elingaphantsi kwamandla okutsalwa kwezinto. Ukuqhekeka kokudinwa kuyaqhubeka, kuqala ngeentanda ezincinci ezikhula phantsi koxinzelelo olutshintshatshintshayo.
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu olunokugcinwa ngaphandle kokusilela kwinani elithile lemijikelo, ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela, uxinzelelo luguqulwa ngokupheleleyo kumjikelo ngamnye.
Nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvelisa apho isinyithi sisebenza okanye sisebenza ngomatshini ukunika umsebenzi imo entsha. Ngokubanzi, eli gama liquka iinkqubo ezinje ngoyilo kunye noyilo, unyango lobushushu, ukuphathwa kwezinto kunye nokuhlolwa.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo inamandla aphezulu, iyamelana nobushushu, iyakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye iyamelana nokugqwala. Iindidi ezine ngokubanzi ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze zigubungele uluhlu lweepropati zoomatshini nezomzimba zezicelo ezithile. Amanqanaba amane ngala: uhlobo lwe-CrNiMn 200 series kunye nohlobo lwe-CrNi 300 series austenitic; uhlobo lwe-chromium martensitic, uthotho lwe-400 oluqinileyo; i-chromium, uhlobo lwe-ferritic oluqinileyo lwe-400 series; ii-alloy ze-chromium-nickel eziqinileyo zemvula kunye nezinto ezongezelelweyo zonyango lwesisombululo kunye nokuqina kwexesha lokuguga.
Kuvavanyo lokutsalwa, umlinganiselo womthwalo ophezulu kwindawo yokuqala enqamlezileyo. Ikwabizwa ngokuba ngamandla okugqibela. Thelekisa namandla okukhupha.